Method and apparatus for restoring data from snapshots

ABSTRACT

According to at least one aspect, a database system is provided. The database system includes at least one processor configured to receive a restore request to restore a portion of a dataset to a previous state and, responsive to receipt of the restore request, identify at least one snapshot from a plurality of snapshots of at least some data in the dataset to read based on the restore request and write a portion of the data in the identified at least one snapshot to the dataset to restore the portion of the dataset to the previous state.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This Applications is a continuation of and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 to U.S. application Ser. No. 15/627,502, titled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR RESTORING DATA FROM SNAPSHOTS” filed on Jun. 20, 2017, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/355,087, titled “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR MANAGING DISTRIBUTED DATABASE DEPLOYMENTS” filed on Jun. 27, 2016, which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND

Databases may include multiple disks to store redundant data. The redundant storage of data in multiple disks may improve the rate at which data can be read from the database by spreading out read requests over multiple disks or systems. Further, the redundant storage of data may improve uptime of the database by making the database more robust to failures.

SUMMARY

According to at least one aspect, a system is provided. The system comprises at least one processor configured to: receive a first restore request to restore a portion of a dataset to a first previous state; and responsive to receipt of the first restore request, identify at least one first snapshot from a plurality of snapshots of at least some data in the dataset to read based on the first restore request; and write a portion of the data in the identified at least one first snapshot to the dataset to restore the portion of the dataset to the first previous state.

In some embodiments, the at least one processor is further configured to generate the plurality of snapshots. In some embodiments, the at least one processor is further configured to generate a new snapshot of the dataset periodically.

In some embodiments, the first restore request comprises a query and wherein the at least one processor is further configured to execute the query on the identified at least one first snapshot to generate query results and write at least a portion of the query results to the dataset. In some embodiments, the at least one processor is configured to: receive a second restore request to restore the entire dataset to a second previous state; and responsive to receipt of the second restore request, identify at least one second snapshot from the plurality of snapshots to read based on the second restore request; and write data in the identified at least one second snapshot to the dataset to restore the entire dataset to a second previous state.

In some embodiments, each snapshot of the plurality of snapshots corresponds to data stored in the dataset at a unique point in time. In some embodiments, the at least one processor is configured to: receive a snapshot query requesting information in a second previous state of the dataset; and responsive to receipt of the snapshot query, execute a query on at least one second snapshot from the plurality of snapshot to generate query results; and return the query results. In some embodiments, the plurality of snapshots are stored in at least one database in a read-only format. In some embodiments, the at least one processor is configured to access the plurality of snapshots using a first storage engine and access the dataset using a second storage engine that is different from the first storage engine.

In some embodiments, the system further comprises a database configured to store the dataset and follow an eventual consistency model. In some embodiments, the database comprises a primary data storage node that includes an operation log and at least one secondary data storage node configured to retrieve the operation log and replicate operations in the operation log.

According to at least one aspect, a method of performing operations in at least one computer database is provided. The method comprises storing, in the at least one computer database, a dataset and a plurality of snapshots of at least some data in the dataset; receiving, by at least one processor coupled to the at least one computer database, a first request to restore a portion of the dataset to a first previous state; responsive to receiving the first restore request, identifying at least one first snapshot from a plurality of snapshots of at least some data in the dataset to read based on the first restore request; and writing a portion of the data in the identified at least one first snapshot to the dataset to restore the portion of the dataset to the first previous state.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises generating the plurality of snapshots. In some embodiments, the method further comprises generating new snapshots of the dataset periodically.

In some embodiments, the first restore request comprises a query and wherein the method further comprises executing the query on the identified at least one first snapshot to generate query results and writing at least a portion of the query results to the dataset. In some embodiments, the method further comprises receiving a second restore request to restore the entire dataset to a second previous state; and responsive to receiving the second restore request, identifying at least one second snapshot from the plurality of snapshots to read based on the second restore request; and writing data in the identified at least one second snapshot to the dataset to restore the entire dataset to a second previous state.

In some embodiments, each snapshot of the plurality of snapshots corresponds to data stored in the dataset at a unique point in time. In some embodiments, the method further comprises receiving a snapshot query requesting information in a second previous state of the dataset; and responsive to receiving the snapshot query, executing a query on at least one second snapshot from the plurality of snapshot to generate query results; and returning the query results.

In some embodiments, storing the dataset comprises storing the dataset in a primary data storage node and replicating the dataset in at least one secondary data storage node.

According to at least one aspect, a database system is provided. The database system comprises a first database comprising at least one replica set configured to store a dataset in the at least one replica set; and a second database configured to store a plurality of snapshots of at least some data in the dataset in a compressed form; and at least one processor coupled to the first and second databases. The at least one processor is configured to: receive a restore request comprising a query to restore a portion of the dataset that matches the query to a previous state; and responsive to receipt of the restore request, identify at least one snapshot from the plurality of snapshots to read based on the restore request; decompress the identified at least one snapshot stored in a compressed form; execute, using a first storage engine, the query on the decompressed at least one snapshot to generate query results; and write, using a second storage engine that is different from the first storage engine, at least some of the query results to the dataset to restore the portion of the dataset that matches the query to the previous state.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Various aspects of at least one embodiment are discussed herein with reference to the accompanying figures, which are not intended to be drawn to scale. The figures are included to provide illustration and a further understanding of the various aspects and embodiments, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, but are not intended as a definition of the limits of the invention. Where technical features in the figures, detailed description or any claim are followed by references signs, the reference signs have been included for the sole purpose of increasing the intelligibility of the figures, detailed description, and/or claims. Accordingly, neither the reference signs nor their absence are intended to have any limiting effect on the scope of any claim elements. In the figures, each identical or nearly identical component that is illustrated in various figures is represented by a like numeral. For purposes of clarity, not every component may be labeled in every figure. In the figures:

FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of an example restore engine configured to process snapshot queries and restore requests, according to some embodiments;

FIG. 2 illustrates a block diagram of an example distributed database system, according to some embodiments;

FIG. 3 illustrates a block diagram of an example replica set hosting a distributed database, according to some embodiments;

FIG. 4 illustrates a block diagram of another example distributed database system, according to some embodiments;

FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing an example snapshot generation process, according to some embodiments;

FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing an example snapshot query process, according to some embodiments;

FIG. 7 is a flowchart showing an example a full restore process, according to some embodiments;

FIG. 8 are flowchart showing an example a partial restore process, according to some embodiments;

FIG. 9 is a block diagram of an example special-purpose computer system, according to some embodiments;

FIG. 10 is a block diagram of an example disk or flash memory, according to some embodiments;

FIG. 11 is a block diagram of an example a distributed system, according to some embodiments;

FIG. 12 is a diagram showing an example user interface screen, according to some embodiments; and

FIG. 13 is a diagram showing another example user interface screen, according to some embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Database users may need to restore data in a dataset to a previous state. For example, a database user may have inadvertently deleted one or more documents in the dataset. In some instances, a database user may lose the entire dataset and require a full restore of the entire data set. However, database users usually only lose a portion of the data in the dataset. For example, a subset of the documents in the dataset may have been improperly overwritten and a database user may only want to restore the improperly modified documents while leaving the remaining documents in the dataset untouched.

Accordingly, the inventors have conceived and developed new techniques for restoring portions of data in a dataset to a previous state. In some embodiments, information regarding previous states of data in the dataset may be stored in a plurality of snapshots. Each of the snapshots may be indicative of a state of the data in the dataset at a previous point in time. These snapshots may be queried to obtain a subset of the data in the dataset at a previous point in time. The results of such queries (e.g., a subset of the data in the dataset at a previous point in time) may be directly employed to restore a portion of the data dataset. Such partial restore functionality may be referred to as “query-able backup” functionality.

The partial restore techniques described herein are computationally more efficient than previous approaches to restoring only a portion of a dataset. Previously, a system would restore the entire dataset to a previous state and subsequently modify documents in the restored dataset that a database user wanted unchanged to bring them back up-to-date. The partial restore techniques described herein avoid modifying documents in the restored dataset by only restoring the desired portion of the dataset. Thereby, these partial restore techniques require fewer computer operations than previous techniques and, therefore, are more computationally efficient.

Examples of the methods, devices, and systems discussed herein are not limited in application to the details of construction and the arrangement of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the accompanying drawings. The methods and systems are capable of implementation in other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways. Examples of specific implementations are provided herein for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to be limiting. In particular, acts, components, elements and features discussed in connection with any one or more examples are not intended to be excluded from a similar role in any other examples.

Also, the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. Any references to examples, embodiments, components, elements or acts of the systems and methods herein referred to in the singular may also embrace embodiments including a plurality, and any references in plural to any embodiment, component, element or act herein may also embrace embodiments including only a singularity. References in the singular or plural form are not intended to limit the presently disclosed systems or methods, their components, acts, or elements. The use herein of “including,” “comprising,” “having,” “containing,” “involving,” and variations thereof is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items. References to “or” may be construed as inclusive so that any terms described using “or” may indicate any of a single, more than one, and all of the described terms.

Example Database Restore Engine

FIG. 1 shows an example database system 100 comprising a restore engine 102, according to some embodiments, that may be executed by one or more processors. The restore engine 102 may be configured to restore all or any portion of the data in a dataset 109 in a database subsystem 105 to a previous state. The database system 100 may store information regarding previous states of the dataset 109 via snapshots 111 in the database subsystem 105. The snapshots 111 may each be representative of a state of data in the dataset 109 at a particular point in time. The restore engine 102 may employ these snapshots 111 to restore all or any portion of data stored in the dataset 109 to a previous state in response to a restore request 106. Additionally (or alternatively), the restore engine 102 may also support direct queries on the snapshots 111 in the dataset 109 through snapshot queries 104. The results of such a query may be output as query results 110.

As shown in FIG. 1 , the restore engine 102 includes an interface component 114. In some embodiments, the interface component 114 receives the snapshot query 104 and provides the query results 110 once the query have been executed against one or more snapshots 111. The interface component 114 may also receive the restore request 106 that may be executed by the restore engine 102. The restore request 106 may be, for example, a full restore request to restore all of the data in the dataset 109 to a previous state or a partial restore request to restore a portion of the data in the dataset 109 to a previous state. The interface component 114 may receive and/or provide data to one or more systems (such as storage subsystem 105) and/or database users. For example, the interface component 114 may provide a user interface through a web-portal that allows a database user to initiate a snapshot query 104, initial a restore request 106, and/or view query results 110.

The restore engine 102 may include a snapshot component 116 to generate (and/or delete) snapshots 111 that are each indicative of a state of data in the dataset 109 at a particular point in time (e.g., a unique point in time) on a logical clock. For example, the snapshot component 116 may generate a snapshot of the dataset 109 consistent with a schedule for taking and/or deleting snapshots and each snapshot may be representative of the state of the data in the dataset 109 at the time the snapshot 111 was taken. The schedule may vary based on the particular implementation. For example, the schedule may be a periodic schedule where the time between snapshots is consistent (e.g., snapshots are captured every minute) or an aperiodic schedule where the time between the snapshots is inconsistent (e.g., snapshots are captured at 10:00 am and 2:00 pm each day). It should be appreciated that, in some embodiments, the schedule may be user configurable (e.g., via a user interface generated by interface component 114). For example, a database user may specify when snapshots should be captured (e.g., every day at 12:00 pm) and/or when snapshots be deleted (e.g., delete snapshots that are more than 7 days old).

It should be appreciated that the snapshots 111 may be captured at unique points in time on both a logical clock and a physical clock in cases where the time difference between the captured snapshots 111 is larger than the resolution of the physical clock. For example, the snapshots 111 may be captured every 5 minutes and the resolution of the physical clock may be 1 minute. In this example, each of the snapshots 111 may be generated at both a unique point in time on a logical clock and a unique point in time on the physical clock.

In some embodiments, the snapshots 111 may be stored using different techniques than the dataset 109. For example, the dataset 109 may be accessed (e.g., read from and/or written to) frequently and stored in an uncompressed form to allow fast access. Conversely, the snapshots 111 may be read infrequently and stored in a compressed form (e.g., as de-duplicated blocks) to reduce the size of the snapshots 111. Further, the dataset 109 and the snapshots 111 may be stored in different databases with different configurations. For example, the dataset 109 may be stored in a database that follows an eventual consistency model and comprises one or more replica sets. In this example, the snapshots 111 may be stored in a different database that follows a different consistency model. The database storing the snapshots 111 may even have a different physical location than the database storing the dataset 109. For example, the database storing the dataset 109 may be on a local non-transitory computer readable medium and the snapshots 111 may be stored in a database offered by a cloud storage service, such as AMAZON S3, GOOGLE CLOUD STORAGE, RACKSPACE CLOUD STORAGE, and/or MS AZURE CLOUD SERVICES. Still yet further, the dataset 109 and the snapshots 111 may have different read/write permissions. For example, the dataset 109 may be stored in a format that permits both read and write operations while the snapshots 111 may be stored in a format the only permits read operations.

In some embodiments, the restore engine 102 may access the dataset 109 and snapshots 111 using different storage engines as illustrated by first and second storage engines 113 and 115, respectively. For example, the first storage engine 111 may be configured to create, read, update, and/or delete data from the dataset 109 and the second storage engine 115 may be configured to create, read, update, and/or delete data from the snapshots 111. Employing separate storages engines for the first dataset 109 and the snapshots 111 may provide various advantages. For example, employing different storage engines may allow manipulation of the snapshots 111 without interfering with operations associated with the dataset 109 (such as regular read and write operations as the dataset 109 is being used). Further, employing different storage engines may allow the data in the dataset 109 to be accessed differently than the data in the snapshots 111. For example, the first storage engine 113 may directly perform operations on the dataset 109 (e.g., because the dataset 109 is uncompressed) while the second storage engine 115 may need to reconstruct a snapshot 111 prior to performing one or more operations on the snapshot 111 (e.g., because the snapshots 111 are stored in a compressed form) such as reading from the snapshot 111 and/or querying the snapshot 111.

It should be appreciated that the dataset 109 and the snapshots 111 may be stored in the same database, stored in the same form (e.g., compressed or uncompressed), and/or use the same storage engine. For example, the dataset 109 and snapshots 111 may both be stored in replica sets in a database that is configured to follow an eventual consistency model. In this example, the database subsystem 105 may employ a one or more storage engines to access the dataset 109 and/or the snapshots 111.

The restore engine 102 may further include a restore component 118 that is configured to process snapshot queries 104. A snapshot query 104 may comprise, for example, a query to be processed against one or more snapshots 111. Thereby, the restore engine 102 may replicate the results of a query to the dataset 109 at a previous point in time (e.g., yesterday, last week, or last month). The restore component 118 may be configured to process the snapshot query 104 by, for example, identifying one or more snapshots 111 to query and triggering the second storage engine 115 to execute the query against the identified snapshots 111. The second storage engine 115 may execute the query by, for example, reconstructing the identified snapshots 111 and executing the query against the reconstructed snapshots 111 to generate the query results 110.

The restore component 118 may also be configured to process restore requests 106. The restore request 106 may be, for example, a full restore request indicating that all of the data in the dataset 109 should be restored to a previous state or a partial restore request indicating that only a portion of the data in the dataset 109 should be restored to a previous state. The restore component 118 may be configured to process these requests by identifying a type of the restore request 106 (e.g., whether the restore request 106 is a full restore request or a partial restore request). If the restore request 106 is a full restore request, the restore component 118 may identify one or more snapshots 111 to restore the dataset 109 and trigger the second storage engine 115 to reconstruct the identified one or more snapshots 111. Once the one or more snapshots 111 are reconstructed, the restore component 118 may trigger the first storage engine 113 to write all (or any portion of) of the data from the reconstructed one or more snapshots 111 to the dataset 109 to restore the entire dataset 109 to the previous state exhibited in the identified one or more snapshots 111. If the restore request 106 is a partial restore request, the restore component 118 may identify one or more snapshots 111 to use to restore the dataset 109 and trigger the second storage engine 115 to reconstruct the identified one or more snapshots 111. Once the one or more snapshots 111 are reconstructed, the restore component 118 may trigger the second storage engine 115 to query the reconstructed one or more snapshots to identify documents that should be restored to the dataset 109. After the documents to restore have been identified, the restore component 118 may be configured to trigger the first storage engine 113 to write all (or any portion of) the identified documents to the dataset 109 to restore only a portion of the dataset 109 to the previous state exhibited in the identified one or more snapshots.

Having described an example database system 100, it should be appreciated that this database system may be implemented in any of a variety of ways. In some implementations, the database system 100 may be part of a cloud storage system that is configured to provide a cloud service for running, monitoring, and maintaining distributed database deployments. In such an implementation, the restore and/or direct snapshot query functionality may be integrated into the cloud storage system and made accessible to a database user via a web-portal. In other implementations, the database system 100 is implemented as part of a local storage system.

Example Database Systems

An example of a database subsystem 200 is shown in FIG. 2 that may be implemented in cloud storage system and/or a local storage system. The database subsystem 200 is one example implementation of all or any portion of the database subsystem 105 in FIG. 1 . The database subsystem 200 includes an interface 202 for sending and receiving information (including database requests and responses thereto) to router processes, database clients, or other components or entities in the system. In one embodiment, the backend architecture is configured to interact with any data model provided by a managed database. For example, the managed database can include a non-relational data model. In another embodiment, the data model can be implemented in the form of replica sets as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/977,563, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The database subsystem 200 includes a storage application. In one implementation described in greater detail below, a base unit of data is a document.

In some embodiments, a storage application programming interface (API) 208 receives database requests, including requests to perform read and write operations. When a write operation is requested, the storage API 208 in response selectively triggers a first storage engine 204 or a second storage engine 206 configured to store data in a first data format or second data format, respectively, in node 210. As discussed in more detail below, a database monitor 211 may track a number of analytics about the database. In some embodiments, the database monitor 211 is configured to track the operations performed on the data over time, and stores that information as analytics data 213. In some examples, analytic data may be stored in a separate database. In other examples, the analytics data is stored as a name collection (i.e., a logical grouping of data). These analytics may be provided to the storage API 208, which relies on the analytics to selectively actuate an appropriate storage engine. In further embodiments, although multiple storage engines are provided, not all storage engines may operate with snapshots. Responsive to a command execution that includes operations involving snapshots, the system may force use of a particular storage engine or alternatively provide error information that the current storage engine does not support the functionality. Thus, the system can be configured to check capability of storage engines to support certain functions (e.g., snapshot read functions) and report on the same to end users.

In one example, the database monitor 211 tracks the relative number of read and write operations performed on a collection within the database. In another example, the database monitor 211 is configured to track any operations (e.g., reads, writes, etc.) performed on any base unit of data (e.g., documents) in the database.

In some embodiments, the storage API 208 uses the tracked data (e.g., analytics data) collected by the database monitor 211 and/or the analytics data 213 to select an optimal storage engine for a database, a collection, or a document having the observed read/write ratio. In one example, the storage API 208 is mapped to the selected storage engine. For example, an identifier of the selected storage engine may be stored in a location in memory or on disk; when a write operation request is received by the storage API 208, the identifier is used to identify and activate the storage engine. Alternatively, elements of the database can specify a mapping or association with a storage engine that can be manually edited, edited through an administrative interface, or automatically changed responsive to system monitoring. In other embodiments, the database monitor 211 itself is configured to determine an optimal storage engine based on the analytics data 213 and other aspects of the data, for example, stored in the database, database collection, or in a document. This determination may be passed to the storage API 208, or otherwise used to map the storage API 208 to a determined storage engine.

The storage API 208 receives database write requests (e.g., from a database API (not shown)) via a network interface 202, and carries out the requested operations by selectively triggering one of the first storage engine 204 and the second storage engine 206. The first storage engine 204 and the second storage engine 206 are executable software modules configured to store database data in the data node 210 in a particular data format. For example, the first storage engine 204 may be configured to store data in a row-store format, and the second storage engine 206 may be configured to store data in a LSM-tree format. In one example, the first storage engine 204 and/or the second storage engine 206 are configured store primary database data (i.e., the data being stored and queried) in a particular data format in the primary data memory 212, and may store database index data in a particular data format in index data memory 214. In one embodiment, the first storage engine 204 and/or the second storage engine 206 are configured store an operation log (referred to as an “oplog”) 216 in a particular data format. As discussed in more detail below, a database monitor 211 may track a number of analytics about the database, and the operations performed on it over time, and stores that information as analytics data 213.

One advantage of using the storage API 208 as an abstraction layer between the database API and the storage engines is that the identity and selection of a particular storage engine can be transparent to the database API and/or a user interacting with the database API. For example, the database API may pass a “write” function call to the storage API 208 instructing the storage API to write a particular set of data to the database. The storage API 108 then determines, according to its own analysis and/or user input, which storage engine should perform the write operation. Different storage engines may be appropriate for different types of data stored in different collections that may undergo a variety of different operations. Thus, the choice and implementation of calls to an appropriate storage engine are made by the API 208, freeing the database API calls to simply request a “write” of certain data. This abstraction level allows for the implementation of the system on large filesystems that may be stored across machines in a database cluster, such as the Hadoop Filesystem offered by the Apache Software Foundation.

Another advantage of using the storage API 208 is the ability to add, remove, or modify storage engines without modifying the requests being passed to the API 208. The storage API 208 is configured to identify the available storage engines and select the appropriate one based on one or more factors discussed below. The database API requesting write operations need not know the particulars of the storage engine selection or operation, meaning that storage engines may be embodied in pluggable modules that may be swapped out or modified. Thus, users are able to leverage the same query language, data model, scaling, security and operational tooling across different applications, each powered by different pluggable storage engines.

The embodiment shown and discussed with respect to FIG. 2 depicts a single database node 210. Yet in some embodiments, multiple database nodes may be provided and arranged in a replica set. FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of an exemplary replica set 300. Replica set 300 includes a primary node 302 and one or more secondary nodes 308 and 310, each of which is configured to store a dataset that has been inserted into the database. The primary node 302 may be configured to store all of the documents currently in the database, and may be considered and treated as the authoritative version of the database in the event that any conflicts or discrepancies arise, as will be discussed in more detail below. While two secondary nodes 308, 310 are depicted for illustrative purposes, any number of secondary nodes may be employed, depending on cost, complexity, and data availability requirements. In a preferred embodiment, one replica set may be implemented on a single server. In other embodiments, the nodes of the replica set may be spread among two or more servers.

The primary node 302 and secondary nodes 308, 310 may be configured to store data in any number of database formats or data structures as are known in the art. In a preferred embodiment, the primary node 302 is configured to store documents or other structures associated with non-relational databases. The embodiments discussed herein relate to documents of a document-based database, such as those offered by MongoDB, Inc. (of New York, N.Y. and Palo Alto, Calif.), but other data structures and arrangements are within the scope of the disclosure as well.

In some embodiments, the replica set primary node 302 only accepts write requests (disallowing read requests) from client systems 304, 306 and the secondary nodes 308, 310 only accept reads requests (disallowing write requests) from client systems 304, 306. In such embodiments, the primary node 302 receives and processes write requests against the database, and replicates the operation/transaction asynchronously throughout the system to the secondary nodes 308, 310. In one example, the primary node 302 receives and performs client write operations and generates an oplog. Each logged operation is replicated to, and carried out by, each of the secondary nodes 308, 310, thereby bringing those secondary nodes into synchronization with the primary node 302. In some embodiments, the secondary nodes 308, 310 may query the primary node 302 to receive the operation log and identify operations that need to be replicated. In other embodiments, the operation log may be transmitted from the primary node 302 to the secondary nodes 308, 310 periodically or in response to the occurrence of a predefined condition, such as accruing a threshold number of operations in the operation log that have not yet been sent to the secondary nodes 308, 310. Other implementations can be configured to provide different levels of consistency, and, for example, by restricting read requests. According to one embodiment, read requests can be restricted to systems having up to date data, read requests can also in some settings be restricted to primary systems, among other options.

In some embodiments, both read operations may be permitted at any node (including primary node 302 or secondary nodes 308, 310) and write operations limited to primary nodes in response to requests from clients. The scalability of read operations can be achieved by adding nodes and database instances. In some embodiments, the primary node 302 and/or the secondary nodes 308, 310 are configured to respond to read operation requests by either performing the read operation at that node or by delegating the read request operation to another node (e.g., a particular secondary node 308). Such delegation may be performed based on load-balancing and traffic direction techniques. In other embodiments, read distribution can be managed based on a respective snapshot available at various nodes within a distributed database. For example, the system can determine based on analyzing client requested data what snapshot is associated with the requested data and what node hosts the respective data or snapshot that can be used to provide the requested data. In one example, a data routing processor accesses configuration files for respective replica sets to determine what node can respond to a data request, and further analysis of respective snapshots can determine, for example, what node within a replica set needs to be accessed.

In some embodiments, the primary node 302 and the secondary nodes 308, 310 may operate together to form a replica set 300 that achieves eventual consistency, meaning that replication of database changes to the secondary nodes 308, 310 may occur asynchronously. When write operations cease, all replica nodes of a database will eventually “converge,” or become consistent. The eventually consistent model provides for a loose form of consistency. In one particular example, (assuming >3 secondary nodes) client systems (e.g. 304, 306) request write operations: W(x=3); W(x=7); W(x=5). As the replication of the write requests occurs asynchronously, at some point all of the secondary nodes (e.g. 308, 310) will respond to a read request with 5. However, in the short term (during replication operations) client systems randomly reading from secondary nodes can see [read operations designated by R (variable and actual value)]: R(x==7); R(x==0); R(x==5); and R(x==3). In such a configuration, replica set 300 provides eventual consistency and can permit out of order reads (in the short term). Other example implementations can increase the strength of consistency, and for example, can include monotonic read consistency (no out of order reads). Eventual consistency may be a desirable feature where high availability is important, such that locking records while an update is stored and propagated is not an option. In such embodiments, the secondary nodes 308, 310 may handle the bulk of the read operations made on the replica set 300, whereas the primary node 308, 310 handles the write operations. For read operations where a high level of accuracy is important (such as the operations involved in creating a secondary node), read operations may be performed against the primary node 302. In some embodiments, replica set 300 can be configured to perform according to a single writer eventually consistent model.

It will be appreciated that the difference between the primary node 302 and the one or more secondary nodes 308, 310 in a given replica set may be largely the designation itself and the resulting behavior of the node; the data, functionality, and configuration associated with the nodes may be largely identical, or capable of being identical (e.g., secondary nodes can be elevated to primary nodes in the event of failure). Thus, when one or more nodes within a replica set 300 fail or otherwise become available for read and/or write operations, other nodes may change roles to address the failure. For example, if the primary node 302 were to fail, a secondary node 308 may assume the responsibilities of the primary node, allowing operation of the replica set to continue through the outage. This failover functionality is described in U.S. application Ser. No. 12/977,563, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Each node in the replica set 300 may be implemented on one or more server systems. Additionally, one server system can host more than one node. Each server can be connected via a communication device to a network, for example the Internet, and each server can be configured to provide a heartbeat signal notifying the system that the server is up and reachable on the network. Sets of nodes and/or servers can be configured across wide area networks, local area networks, intranets, and can span various combinations of wide area, local area and/or private networks. Various communication architectures are contemplated for the sets of servers that host database instances and can include distributed computing architectures, peer networks, virtual systems, among other options.

The primary node 302 may be connected by a LAN, a WAN, or other connection to one or more of the secondary nodes 308, 310, which in turn may be connected to one or more other secondary nodes in the replica set 300. Connections between secondary nodes 308, 310 may allow the different secondary nodes to communicate with each other, for example, in the event that the primary node 302 fails or becomes unavailable and a secondary node must assume the role of the primary node.

According to one embodiment, a plurality of nodes (e.g., primary nodes and/or secondary nodes) can be organized in groups of nodes in which data is stored and replicated across the nodes of the set. Each group can be configured as a replica set. In another embodiment, one or more nodes are established as primary nodes that host a writable copy of the database. Each primary node can be responsible for a portion of the database, e.g. a database shard. Database sharding breaks up sections of the database into smaller portions based on, for example, ranges of the data. In some implementations, database sharding facilitates scaling a primary-secondary architecture over a large number of nodes and/or large database implementations. In one embodiment, each database shard has one primary node which replicates its data to its secondary nodes. Database shards can employ location preferences. For example, in a database that includes user records, the majority of accesses can come from specific locations. Migrating a shard primary node to be proximate to those requests can improve efficiency and response time. For example, if a shard for user profile includes address information, shards can be based on ranges within the user profiles, including address information. If the nodes hosting the shard and/or the shard primary node are located proximate to those addresses, improved efficiency can result, as one may observe the majority of requests for that information to come from locations proximate to the addresses within the shard.

An example of a database subsystem 400 incorporating a replica set 410 is shown in FIG. 4 . As can be seen, database subsystem 400 incorporates many of the elements of database subsystem 200 of FIG. 2 including the network interface 202, the storage engines 204, 206, the storage API 208, the database monitor 211, and the analytics database 212. Relative to the database subsystem 200 shown in FIG. 2 , the database subsystem 400 replaces the single node 210 with a replica set 410 comprising primary node 420 and secondary nodes 430 and 440. In one example, the replica set 410 functions in much the same manner as the replica set 300 discussed with respect to FIG. 3 . While only two secondary nodes 430 and 440 are shown for illustrative purposes, it will be appreciated that the number of secondary nodes may be scaled up or down as desired or necessary.

In one example, database operation requests directed to the replica set 410 may be processed by the primary node 420 and either performed by the primary node 420 or directed to a secondary node 430, 440 as appropriate. In one embodiment, both read and write operations are permitted at any node (including primary node 420 or secondary nodes 430, 440) in response to requests from clients. The scalability of read operations can be achieved by adding nodes and database instances. In some embodiments, the primary node 420 and/or the secondary nodes 430, 440 are configured to respond to read operation requests by either performing the read operation at that node or by delegating the read request operation to another node (e.g., a particular secondary node 430). Such delegation may be performed based on various load-balancing and traffic direction techniques.

In some embodiments, the database only allows write operations to be performed at the primary node 420, with the secondary nodes 430, 440 disallowing write operations. In such embodiments, the primary node 420 receives and processes write requests against the database, and replicates the operation/transaction asynchronously throughout the system to the secondary nodes 430, 440. In one example, the primary node 420 receives and performs client write operations and generates an oplog. Each logged operation is replicated to, and carried out by, each of the secondary nodes 430, 440, thereby bringing those secondary nodes into synchronization with the primary node 420 under an eventual-consistency model.

In one example, primary database data (i.e., the data being stored and queried) may be stored by one or more data storage engines in one or more data formats in the primary data memory 422, 432, 442 of nodes 420, 430, 440, respectively. Database index data may be stored by one or more data storage engines in one or more data formats in the index data memory 424, 434, 444 of nodes 420, 430, 440, respectively. Oplog data may be stored by a data storage engine in a data format in oplog data memory 426 of node 420.

Example Methods for Restoring Data from Snapshots

As discussed above, various systems may be configured to fully or partially restore data in a dataset to a previous state. The restoration of data to a previous state may be facilitated by the generation of snapshots of the dataset at different points in time on a logical clock. FIG. 5 shows an example snapshot generation process 500 according to some embodiments. The snapshot generation process 500 may be performed by a system (e.g., snapshot component 116 of restore engine 102) to generate snapshots of the data in the dataset. As shown in FIG. 5 , the snapshot generation process 500 includes an act 502 of determining whether it is time to take a snapshot, an act 504 of determining whether a snapshot limit has been reached, and an act 506 of taking a snapshot.

In act 502, the system determines whether it is time to take a snapshot. The system may make the determination as to whether it is appropriate to take a snapshot based on a predetermined policy (e.g., a predetermined schedule). For example, the system may periodically or aperiodically capture snapshots of the data. In other examples, the system may change the timing of taking snapshots based on client interaction with the dataset. For example, the system may take snapshots every 10 milliseconds during time periods where the dataset is receiving change requests and pause snapshot generation during periods where no changes to the dataset are taking place. Thereby, the system may reduce the number of snapshots being taken and stored by avoiding multiple successive snapshots that do not include any changes to the dataset. If the system determines that it is an appropriate time to take a snapshot, the system proceeds to act 504 to determine whether a snapshot limit has been reached. Otherwise the snapshot generation process 500 ends.

In act 504, the system determines whether a snapshot limit has been reached. The system may have a predefined maximum number of snapshots that can be maintained at any given time. For example, the system may have a maximum number of snapshots of 10,000. If the snapshot limit has been reached, then process 500 ends. Otherwise, the system proceeds to act 506 and takes a snapshot.

In some embodiments, the generated snapshots may be directly queried in place of (or in combination with) the current data in a dataset. Thereby, a database user may be able to reproduce the results of queries executed on data previously stored in a dataset. FIG. 6 shows an example snapshot query process 600 that may be performed by a system (e.g., restore component 118 of restore engine 102) to execute the snapshot query. As shown in FIG. 6 , the snapshot query process 600 includes an act 602 of receiving a snapshot query request, an act 604 of identifying snapshot(s) to query, an act 606 of reconstructing the identified snapshot(s), an act 608 of querying the identified snapshot(s), an act 610 of returning results.

In act 602, the system receives a snapshot query request. The snapshot query request may be received from, for example, a database user or another system. The snapshot query request may comprise, for example, an indication of one or more snapshots to query (e.g., ID numbers associated with the snapshots to query) and/or one or more search criteria indicative of the characteristic(s) of the data that should be returned (e.g., criteria a document should have to be returned). For example, the snapshot query may indicate that a snapshot with an ID number of 2314 should be searched for any documents modified in the last week.

In act 604, the system identifies one or more snapshots to query. The system may identify the one or more snapshots to query based on the contents of the snapshot query. In instances where the snapshots query includes an indication of one or more snapshots to search, the system may identify the one or more snapshots to query consistent with the one or more snapshots identified in the query. In instances where the snapshot query does not include an indication of the snapshot to query, the system may identify one or more snapshots using the search criteria of the query. For example, the search criteria may indicate that only documents that have been modified within the past week should be returned and the system may identify those snapshots that were captured within the last week.

In some embodiments, the snapshots may be stored in a compressed state to reduce the storage requirements of storing the snapshots. For example, de-duplication techniques may be employed to compress the snapshots. In these embodiments, the system may perform act 606 to reconstruct (e.g., de-compress) the identified snapshots. The particular method employed to reconstruct the identified snapshots may depend on, for example, the particular technique employed to compress and/or store the snapshots. For example, the snapshots may be stored as de-duplicated blocks. In this example, the system may identify and retrieve the de-duplicated blocks that correspond to the identified snapshots. In turn, the system may decompress the de-duplicated blocks to form a reconstructed version of the identified snapshots. The reconstructed version of the identified snapshots may be, for example, stored locally in a computer readable medium (such as random access memory (RAM), a hard disk drive, and/or a solid-state drive).

In act 608, the system queries the identified snapshot(s). The system may query the identified snapshot(s) by, for example, triggering a storage engine to execute one or more search operations on the reconstructed snapshot(s). The reconstructed snapshot(s) may be searched to generate query results that comprise, for example, data in the identified snapshots that meets the search criteria specified in the received snapshot query.

In act 610, the system returns the results generated from the query. The system may, for example, output the data (e.g., documents and/or collections) that meets the search criteria specified in the received snapshot query. The data may be output to another system and/or output to a database user (e.g., via a user interface).

In some embodiments, the system may be capable of fully restoring the data from a snapshot to a dataset. FIG. 7 shows an example full restore process 700 that may be performed by a system (e.g., restore component 118 in restore engine 102) to execute the full restore. As shown in FIG. 7 , the full restore process 700 includes an act 702 of receiving a full restore request, an act 704 of identifying a snapshot to restore, an act 706 of reconstructing the identified snapshot(s), and an act 708 of writing data from the identified snapshot to the dataset.

In act 702, the system receives a full restore request to completely restore the data in the dataset to a previous state. The full restore request may be received from, for example, a database user or a system. The full restore request may comprise an indication of the previous state to which the data in the dataset should be restored. For example, the full restore request may comprise an indication of the particular snapshot(s) to employ in the full restore and/or an indication of a time to which the data should be restored to (e.g., 5 days ago at 12:00 pm). In act 704, the system identifies the snapshot(s) to restore to the dataset. The system may identify the snapshot(s) to restore based on the contents of the full restore request. In instances where the full restore request includes an indication of one or more snapshots to restore, the system may identify the one or more snapshots to restore consistent with the one or more snapshots identified in the full restore request. In instances where the full restore request includes an indication of a previous time to which the data should be restored, the system may identify one or more snapshots that contain data at the previous time. For example, the full restore request may indicate that the data should be restored to a previous state that occurred 5 days ago and the system may identify a snapshot that was captured on the same day (e.g., 5 days ago).

In some embodiments, the snapshots may be stored in a compressed state to reduce the storage requirements of storing the snapshots. For example, deduplication techniques may be employed to compress the snapshots. In these embodiments, the system may perform act 706 to reconstruct (e.g., de-compress) the identified snapshots. The particular method employed to reconstruct the identified snapshots may depend on, for example, the particular technique employed to compress and/or store the snapshots. For example, the snapshots may be stored as de-duplicated blocks. In this example, the system may identify and retrieve the de-duplicated blocks that correspond to the identified snapshots. In turn, the system may decompress the de-duplicated blocks to form a reconstructed version of the identified snapshots. The reconstructed version of the identified snapshots may be, for example, stored locally in a computer readable medium (such as random access memory (RAM), a hard disk drive, and/or a solid-state drive).

In act 708, the system write data from the identified snapshot(s) to the dataset to restore the data to a previous state. The system may write all or any portion of the data from the identified snapshot(s) to the dataset. The system may employ a different storage engine to write the data to the dataset than was employed to reconstruct the identified snapshots.

In some embodiments, the system may be capable of partially restoring the data from a snapshot to a dataset. FIG. 8 shows an example partial restore process 800 that may be performed by a system (e.g., restore component 118 in restore engine 102) to execute the partial restore. As shown in FIG. 8 , the partial restore process 800 includes an act 802 of receiving a partial restore request, an act 804 of identifying a snapshot to restore, an act 806 of reconstructing the identified snapshot(s), an act 808 of querying the identified snapshot(s), and an act 810 of writing data from the query results to the dataset.

In act 802, the system receives a partial restore request. The partial restore request may comprise, for example, an indication of the previous state to which the data in the dataset should be restored and/or search criteria indicative of the characteristic(s) of the data that should be restore (e.g., criteria a document should have to be restore). For example, the partial restore request may indicate that all documents that were created 5 days ago and contain one or more of the strings: (1) “banana,” (2) “apple,” or (3) “pear” should be restored to the dataset.

In act 804, the system identifies one or more snapshots to query. The system may identify the one or more snapshots to query based on the contents of the partial restore request. In instances where the partial restore request includes an indication of one or more snapshots to search, the system may identify the one or more snapshots to query consistent with the one or more snapshots identified in the partial restore request. In instances where the partial restore request includes an indication of a previous time to which the data should be restored, the system may identify one or more snapshots that contain data at the previous time. For example, the partial restore request may indicate that the data should be restored to a previous state that occurred 5 days ago and the system may identify a snapshot that was captured on the same day (e.g., 5 days ago). In instances where the partial restore request does not include any indication of a snapshot to query or a particular time to restore the data to, the system may identify one or more snapshots using the search criteria of the partial restore request. For example, the search criteria may indicate that only documents that have been modified within the past week should be restore and the system may identify those snapshots that were captured within the last week.

In some embodiments, the snapshots may be stored in a compressed state to reduce the storage requirements of storing the snapshots. For example, deduplication techniques may be employed to compress the snapshots. In these embodiments, the system may perform act 806 to reconstruct (e.g., de-compress) the identified snapshots. The particular method employed to reconstruct the identified snapshots may depend on, for example, the particular technique employed to compress and/or store the snapshots. For example, the snapshots may be stored as de-duplicated blocks. In this example, the system may identify and retrieve the de-duplicated blocks that correspond to the identified snapshots. In turn, the system may decompress the de-duplicated blocks to form a reconstructed version of the identified snapshots. The reconstructed version of the identified snapshots may be, for example, stored locally in a computer readable medium (such as random access memory (RAM), a hard disk drive, and/or a solid-state drive).

In act 808, the system queries the identified snapshot(s). The system may query the identified snapshot(s) by, for example, triggering a storage engine to execute one or more search operations on the reconstructed snapshot(s). The reconstructed snapshots may be searched to generate query results that comprise, for example, data in the identified snapshots that meets the search criteria specified in the received snapshot query.

In act 810, the system write data from the query results to the dataset to restore the data to a previous state. The system may write all or any portion of the data from the query results to the dataset. The system may employ a different storage engine to write the data to the dataset than was employed to reconstruct the identified snapshots.

Various inventive concepts may be embodied as one or more processes, of which examples have been provided. The acts performed as part of each process may be ordered in any suitable way. Thus, embodiments may be constructed in which acts are performed in an order different than illustrated, which may include performing some acts simultaneously, even though shown as sequential acts in illustrative embodiments. Further, one or more of the processes may be combined.

Example User Interface

The database systems, such as database system 100, may provide a user interface with which a database user may interact with the database system. Thereby, a database user may directly submit one or more requests to the database system. For example, the database system may be implemented as a cloud storage system and provide a web-portal that database users may employ to interact with the database system (e.g., initial a snapshot query, initiate a restore request, and/or view snapshot query results). FIGS. 12 and 13 show example user interface screens of such a user interface of a web-portal that are configured to accept a restore request (e.g., a full restore request or a partial restore request) and/or a snapshot query from a database user. In particular, FIG. 12 shows an example cluster screen 1200 that may be displayed when a database user initially logs into the web-portal. The system may store an association between each database user and one or more database clusters (e.g., replica sets) in the cloud storage system. Information regarding a state of the clusters associated with the users may be presented in a cluster information region 1204 (e.g., cluster size, cluster type, cluster operations, and cluster connections). As shown, the cluster screen 1204 also comprises a button 1202 to trigger the system to create a new database cluster (e.g., a new replica set) for the user. The cluster screen 1200 further includes a menu 1206 that permits the user to navigate to other screens including: a cluster screen (e.g., the cluster screen 1200), an alert screen, a backup screen, a user screen, a settings screen, a documentation screen, and a support screen. The system may transition from the cluster screen 1200 to a backup screen 1300 shown in FIG. 13 responsive to selection of the backup element in the menu 1206. As shown, the backup screen 1300 comprises the menu 1206 and a table illustrating the clusters associated with each user in a separate row. In each row, the table may comprise information about the respective cluster and an options button 1302 that, upon selection, opens a pop-up box containing the list of backup options: (1) restore, (2) query, (3) view all snapshots, and (4) edit snapshots schedule. If the restore option is selected, the user interface may present one or more screens to accept information regarding a restore request, such as whether the restore request is a full restore request or a partial restore request. If the query option is triggered, the user interface may present one or more screens to accept information regarding the snapshot query, such as one or more criteria that documents in a snapshot should exhibit to be returned. If the view all snapshots option is selected, the user interface may present one or more screens showing all of the snapshots that have been captured for the cluster and information associated with each snapshot (such as when it was captured). If the edit snapshot schedule option is selected, the user interface may present one or more screens to accept changes regarding the schedule employed to capture snapshots.

It should be appreciated that various alterations may be made to the example user interface screens shown in FIGS. 12 and 13 without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. For example, elements in the user interface may be moved, modified (e.g., renamed), added, and/or deleted.

Example Special-Purpose Computer System

A special-purpose computer system can be specially configured as disclosed herein. According to one embodiment the special-purpose computer system is configured to perform any of the described operations and/or algorithms. The operations and/or algorithms described herein can also be encoded as software executing on hardware that defines a processing component, that can define portions of a special purpose computer, reside on an individual special-purpose computer, and/or reside on multiple special-purpose computers.

FIG. 9 shows a block diagram of an example special-purpose computer system 900 on which various aspects of the present invention can be practiced. For example, computer system 900 may include a processor 906 connected to one or more memory devices 910, such as a disk drive, memory, or other device for storing data. Memory 910 is typically used for storing programs and data during operation of the computer system 900. Components of computer system 900 can be coupled by an interconnection mechanism 908, which may include one or more busses (e.g., between components that are integrated within a same machine) and/or a network (e.g., between components that reside on separate discrete machines). The interconnection mechanism enables communications (e.g., data, instructions) to be exchanged between system components of system 900.

Computer system 900 may also include one or more input/output (I/O) devices 902-904, for example, a keyboard, mouse, trackball, microphone, touch screen, a printing device, display screen, speaker, etc. Storage 912, typically includes a computer readable and writeable nonvolatile recording medium in which computer executable instructions are stored that define a program to be executed by the processor or information stored on or in the medium to be processed by the program.

The medium can, for example, be a disk 1002 or flash memory as shown in FIG. 10 . Typically, in operation, the processor causes data to be read from the nonvolatile recording medium into another memory 1004 that allows for faster access to the information by the processor than does the medium. This memory is typically a volatile, random access memory such as a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) or static memory (SRAM). According to one embodiment, the computer-readable medium comprises a non-transient storage medium on which computer executable instructions are retained.

Referring again to FIG. 9 , the memory can be located in storage 912 as shown, or in memory system 910. The processor 906 generally manipulates the data within the memory 910, and then copies the data to the medium associated with storage 912 after processing is completed. A variety of mechanisms are known for managing data movement between the medium and integrated circuit memory element and the invention is not limited thereto. The invention is not limited to a particular memory system or storage system.

The computer system may include specially-programmed, special-purpose hardware, for example, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). Aspects of the invention can be implemented in software, hardware or firmware, or any combination thereof. Although computer system 900 is shown by way of example, as one type of computer system upon which various aspects of the invention can be practiced, it should be appreciated that aspects of the invention are not limited to being implemented on the computer system as shown in FIG. 9 . Various aspects of the invention can be practiced on one or more computers having a different architectures or components than that shown in FIG. 9 .

It should be appreciated that the invention is not limited to executing on any particular system or group of systems. Also, it should be appreciated that the invention is not limited to any particular distributed architecture, network, or communication protocol.

Various embodiments of the invention can be programmed using an object-oriented programming language, such as Java, C++, Ada, or C# (C-Sharp). Other programming languages may also be used. Alternatively, functional, scripting, and/or logical programming languages can be used. Various aspects of the invention can be implemented in a non-programmed environment (e.g., documents created in HTML, XML or other format that, when viewed in a window of a browser program, render aspects of a graphical-user interface (GUI) or perform other functions). The system libraries of the programming languages are incorporated herein by reference. Various aspects of the invention can be implemented as programmed or non-programmed elements, or any combination thereof.

Various aspects of this invention can be implemented by one or more systems similar to system 1100 shown in FIG. 11 . For instance, the system can be a distributed system (e.g., client server, multi-tier system) that includes multiple special-purpose computer systems. In one example, the system includes software processes executing on a system associated with hosting database services, processing operations received from client computer systems, interfacing with APIs, receiving and processing client database requests, routing database requests, routing targeted database request, routing global database requests, determining global a request is necessary, determining a targeted request is possible, verifying database operations, managing data distribution, replicating database data, migrating database data, identifying committed data, etc. These systems can also permit client systems to request database operations transparently, with various routing processes handling and processing requests for data as a single interface, where the routing processes can manage data retrieval from database partitions, merge responses, and return results as appropriate to the client, among other operations.

There can be other computer systems that perform functions such as hosting replicas of database data, with each server hosting database partitions implemented as a replica set, among other functions. These systems can be distributed among a communication system such as the Internet. One such distributed network, as discussed below with respect to FIG. 11 , can be used to implement various aspects of the invention. Various replication protocols can be implemented, and in some embodiments, different replication protocols can be implemented, with the data stored in the database replication under one model, e.g., asynchronous replication of a replica set, with metadata servers controlling updating and replication of database metadata under a stricter consistency model, e.g., requiring two phase commit operations for updates.

FIG. 11 shows an architecture diagram of an example distributed system 1100 suitable for implementing various aspects of the invention. It should be appreciated that FIG. 11 is used for illustration purposes only, and that other architectures can be used to facilitate one or more aspects of the invention.

System 1100 may include one or more specially configured special-purpose computer systems 1104, 1106, and 1108 distributed among a network 1102 such as, for example, the Internet. Such systems may cooperate to perform functions related to hosting a partitioned database, managing database metadata, monitoring distribution of database partitions, monitoring size of partitions, splitting partitions as necessary, migrating partitions as necessary, identifying sequentially keyed collections, optimizing migration, splitting, and rebalancing for collections with sequential keying architectures.

CONCLUSION

Having thus described several aspects and embodiments of this invention, it is to be appreciated that various alterations, modifications and improvements will readily occur to those skilled in the art. Such alterations, modifications, and improvements are intended to be part of this disclosure, and are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the foregoing description is by way of example only.

Use of ordinal terms such as “first,” “second,” “third,” “a,” “b,” “c,” etc., in the claims to modify or otherwise identify a claim element does not by itself connote any priority, precedence, or order of one claim element over another or the temporal order in which acts of a method are performed, but are used merely as labels to distinguish one claim element having a certain name from another element having a same name (but for use of the ordinal term) to distinguish the claim elements. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A system comprising: a database configured to store a dataset and a plurality of compressed snapshots of at least a first portion of the dataset, wherein at least a second portion of the dataset is stored according to an eventually consistent model, the eventually consistent model providing a loose form of consistency; at least one processor configured to: receive a first restore request to restore the first portion of the dataset to a first previous state, the first restore request comprising a query specifying criteria for data objects of the first portion of the dataset; and responsive to receipt of the first restore request, identify at least two compressed snapshots from the plurality of compressed snapshots to read based on the first restore request, wherein each compressed snapshot of the at least two compressed snapshots is stored in a compressed form that removes duplicate content; generate at least two reconstructed snapshots by decompressing the at least two compressed snapshots; execute the query within the at least two reconstructed snapshots to generate query results comprising one or more decompressed data objects, the one or more decompressed data objects comprising contents from within each reconstructed snapshot of the at least two reconstructed snapshots meeting the criteria specified by the query; and write, to the dataset to restore the first portion of the dataset to the first previous state, the one or more decompressed data objects, the one or more decompressed data objects comprising reconstructed contents from within said each reconstructed snapshot of the at least two reconstructed snapshots and the one or more decompressed data objects is generated from the execution of the query on the at least two reconstructed snapshots.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to generate the plurality of compressed snapshots.
 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to generate a new snapshot of the dataset periodically.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: receive a second restore request to restore an entirety of the dataset to a second previous state; and responsive to receipt of the second restore request, identify at least one second compressed snapshot from the plurality of compressed snapshots to read based on the second restore request; and write data in the identified at least one second compressed snapshot to the dataset to restore the entirety of dataset to the second previous state.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein each compressed snapshot of the plurality of compressed snapshots corresponds to data stored in the dataset at a unique point in time.
 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to: receive a snapshot query requesting information in a second previous state of the dataset; and responsive to receipt of the snapshot query, execute a query on at least one second compressed snapshot from the plurality of compressed snapshots to generate query results; and return the query results.
 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of compressed snapshots are stored in at least one database in a read-only format.
 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to access the plurality of compressed snapshots using a first storage engine and access the dataset using a second storage engine that is different from the first storage engine.
 9. The system of claim 1, further comprising a database configured to store the dataset and follow an eventual consistency model.
 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the database comprises a primary data storage node that includes an operation log and at least one secondary data storage node configured to retrieve the operation log and replicate operations in the operation log.
 11. A method of performing operations in at least one computer database, comprising: receive, by at least one processor, a first restore request to restore a first portion of a dataset to a first previous state, the first restore request comprising a query specifying criteria for data objects of the first portion of the dataset, wherein at least a second portion of the dataset is stored according to an eventually consistent model, the eventually consistent model providing a loose form of consistency; and responsive to receipt of the first restore request, identify, by the at least one processor, at least two compressed snapshots from a plurality of compressed snapshots to read based on the first restore request, wherein each compressed snapshot of the at least two compressed snapshots is stored in a compressed form that removes duplicate content; generate at least two reconstructed snapshots by decompressing the at least two compressed snapshots; execute by the at least one processor, the query within the at least two reconstructed snapshots to generate query results comprising one or more decompressed data objects, the one or more decompressed data objects comprising contents from within each reconstructed snapshot of the at least two reconstructed snapshots meeting the criteria specified by the query; and write, by the at least one processor, to the dataset to restore the first portion of the dataset to the first previous state, the one or more decompressed data objects, the one or more decompressed data objects comprising the reconstructed contents from within said each reconstructed snapshot of the at least two reconstructed snapshots and the one or more decompressed data objects is generated from the execution of the query on the at least two reconstructed snapshots.
 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising generating the plurality of compressed snapshots.
 13. The method of claim 11, further comprising generating new snapshots of the dataset periodically.
 14. The method of claim 11, further comprising: receiving a second restore request to restore an entirety of the dataset to a second previous state; and responsive to receiving the second restore request, identifying at least one second compressed snapshot from the plurality of compressed snapshots to read based on the second restore request; and writing data in the identified at least one second compressed snapshot to the dataset to restore the entirety of the dataset to the second previous state.
 15. The method of claim 11, wherein each compressed snapshot of the plurality of compressed snapshots corresponds to data stored in the dataset at a unique point in time.
 16. The method of claim 11, further comprising: receiving a snapshot query requesting information in a second previous state of the dataset; and responsive to receiving the snapshot query, executing a query on at least one second compressed snapshot from the plurality of compressed snapshots to generate query results; and returning the query results.
 17. The method of claim 11, wherein storing the dataset comprises storing the dataset in a primary data storage node and replicating the dataset in at least one secondary data storage node.
 18. A database system comprising: a first database configured to store a dataset; a second database configured to store a plurality of compressed snapshots of at least a first portion in the dataset, wherein at least a second portion in the dataset is stored according to an eventually consistent model, the eventually consistent model providing a loose form of consistency; and at least one processor coupled to the first and second databases and configured to: receive a restore request comprising a query to restore the first portion of the dataset that matches the query to a previous state, wherein the query specifies criteria for data objects of the first portion of the dataset; responsive to receipt of the restore request, identify at least two compressed snapshots from the plurality of compressed snapshots to read based on the restore request, wherein each compressed snapshot of the at least two compressed snapshots is stored in a compressed form that removes duplicate content; generate at least two reconstructed snapshots by decompressing the at least two compressed snapshots; execute the query within the at least two reconstructed snapshots to generate query results comprising one or more decompressed data objects, the one or more decompressed data objects comprising contents from within each reconstructed snapshot of the at least two reconstructed snapshots meeting the criteria specified by the query; and write, to the dataset to restore the first portion of the dataset to the previous state, the one or more decompressed data objects, the one or more decompressed data objects comprising the reconstructed contents from within said each reconstructed snapshot of the at least two reconstructed snapshots and the one or more decompressed data objects is generated from the execution of the query on the at least two reconstructed snapshots. 